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Abstract HIV risk perception and Intimate partner violence (IPV) are related to HIV infection in women. However, there is a lack of information regarding on the association between risk perception and IPV in the Mexican population. This study aimed to identify and characterize subgroups based on their risk perception through the analysis of latent classes and to evaluate the variables associated with HIV risk perception. An online survey was conducted to assess sexual and preventive behavior, HIV risk perception, and intimate partner violence. Three hundred thirty-two women participated; the sampling was for convenience. Two latent classes were identified: a group with risk perception (85%) and one without risk perception (14.6%). The variables associated with the risk perception were a sexual attraction to men, not having a stable partner, perceiving oneself as at risk of acquiring HIV due to sexual behavior, and the presence of IPV. HIV prevention programs for women must address the stigmas related to HIV, such as the idea that the risk only occurs when they have multiple sexual partners, promote accurate HIV risk perception and prevent IPV in all its expressions and contexts.
Resumen En mujeres, la violencia de pareja está relacionada a una mayor probabilidad de adquirir la infección por VIH. De igual forma, una inadecuada percepción de riesgo de adquirir el virus coloca a las mujeres en una situación vulnerable. Existe una falta de información ente la asociación de la VPI y la percepción de riesgo es mujeres mexicanas. Este estudio persiguió dos objetivos: el primero fue identificar y caracterizar subgrupos en función de su percepción de riesgo a través del análisis de clases latentes; el segundo objetivo consistió en evaluar las variables asociadas con la percepción de riesgo de VIH. Se realizó una encuesta en línea para evaluar el comportamiento sexual y preventivo, la percepción del riesgo de VIH y la VP. Participaron 332 mujeres; el muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se identificaron dos clases latentes: un grupo con percepción de riesgo (85%) y otro sin percepción de riesgo (14,6%). Las variables asociadas a la percepción de riesgo fueron atracción sexual por hombres, no tener pareja estable, percibirse en riesgo de adquirir el VIH por la conducta sexual y haber sufrido de violencia de pareja en los últimos seis meses. Se concluye que los programas de prevención del VIH para mujeres deben abordar los estigmas relacionados con el VIH, como la idea de que el riesgo solo ocurre cuando tienen múltiples parejas sexuales, promover una percepción precisa del riesgo del VIH y principalmente, prevenir la VP en todas sus expresiones y contextos; así como también dar atención personalizada a mujeres que ya sufren de violencia de pareja.
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Abstract The purpose of the cross-sectional study was to identify patterns of modifiable lifestyle behaviors and examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and distinct lifestyle behaviors. The data were gathered from the National Health Survey 2019, a study that included adults with diabetes. Four domains of lifestyle behaviors were used to define these behaviors: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet. The association between patterns of lifestyle behaviors and variables of interest was assessed using multinomial regression analysis. The three lifestyle patterns identified were: Class 1, referred to as "unhealthy diet," comprised 17.0% of the sample and was characterized by unhealthy eating habits; Class 2 (less active and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake) represented 71.2% of the sample; Class 3 referred to as "low risk" (11.8%) is characterized by a lower probability of engaging in most risky behaviors. A person over 45 years of age with little or no education and no health care coverage was less likely to be a member of Class 1. Male individuals who do not attend a doctor regularly exhibited more chances of belonging to Class 2. Mixed-race individuals aged 45 years or more with a low level of education have a lower chance of belonging to this class.
Resumo Neste estudo de caráter transversal objetivou-se identificar os padrões de comportamento de estilo de vida e sua associação com características sociodemográficas. Utilizou-se como base de dados a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, com adultos (≥ 18 anos) diabéticos. Os padrões de saúde foram definidos pela Análise de Classes Latentes em quatro domínios: tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, atividade física e alimentação. Foi aplicada análise de regressão multinominal para identificar a associação entre os padrões de comportamento e as variáveis sociodemográficas de interesse. Identificou-se três padrões de comportamento: a Classe 1 corresponde a 17% da amostra e compreende indivíduos com maior probabilidade de comportamentos de risco ligados à alimentação; a Classe 2 (baixos nível de atividade física e consumo de frutas e hortaliças) compreende 71,2% da amostra; e a Classe 3 (11,8% da população) reúne os indivíduos com menor chance de desenvolver comportamentos de risco. Indivíduos com 45 anos ou mais, com baixa escolaridade e sem plano de saúde têm menos chances de pertencer à Classe 1. Homens, que não fazem visitas regulares ao médico têm maiores chances de pertencer à Classe 2, bem como aqueles com 45 anos ou mais, com baixa escolaridade.
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Resumen Estudios sugieren la presencia de patrones de violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo durante la adolescencia. En la población adolescente mexicana se conoce poco sobre los patrones de abuso cara a cara y digital en el noviazgo y cómo pueden ser explicados por el consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los patrones de victimización por abuso en las relaciones de noviazgo y determinar si el consumo de alcohol predice los patrones encontrados. Fue un estudio transversal con alcance explicativo. Participaron 398 adolescentes estudiantes (62.8% mujeres) de 15 a 18 años de edad (M = 16.1 años; DT = 1). Se usó un análisis de clases latentes y se encontraron tres clases: 1) violencia generalizada baja (45%), 2) violencia psicológica moderada y control digital alto (38%) y 3) violencia generalizada alta (17%). Se encontró que el consumo de alcohol se asoció con la pertenencia a la clase de violencia psicológica moderada y control digital alto (β = 0.48, p = .022) y con la pertenencia a la clase de violencia generalizada alta (β = 0.66, p = .004). Es importante considerar, en la generación de intervenciones, la existencia de patrones de violencia en el noviazgo en adolescentes y la influencia que tiene el consumo de alcohol sobre estos.
Abstract Studies suggest the existence of patterns of dating violence during adolescence. In the adolescent Mexican population, little is known about the patterns of face-to-face and cyber dating abuse and to what extent they can be explained by alcohol consumption. The aim of this research was to identify patterns of dating abuse victimization and to determine whether alcohol use predicts the patterns found. It was a cross-sectional study with an explanatory scope. A total of 398 adolescent students (62.8% women) from 15 to 18 years of age (M = 16.1 years; SD = 1) participated in the study. Latent class analysis was used, and three classes were found: 1) low generalized violence (45%); 2) moderate psychological violence and high digital control (38%); and 3) high generalized violence (17%). Alcohol consumption was found to be associated with the membership in the moderate psychological violence and high digital control (β = 0.48, p = .022) and were included in the high generalized violence class (β = 0.66, p = .004). It is important to consider, in the generation of interventions, the existence of patterns of violence in dating relationships among adolescents and the influence that alcohol consumption has on them.
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Purpose: To assess the perception of college?going girls toward corneal donation in Northern India. Methods: An online survey with a pre?structured, pre?validated questionnaire was conducted on 1721 college?going girls in Northern India. The knowledge and attitude scores were regressed, and latent class analysis was carried out. Results: The average of scores for all participants was computed individually for the knowledge questions and the attitude questions, and based on this score, total participants were divided into two groups: Better corneal donation behaviors (BCDB) and poor corneal donation behaviors. The binomial logistic regression model of knowledge domain for predicting BCDB, age of the participant, their awareness about corneal donation, and willingness to discuss eye donation among family members were found significant. Similarly, for the attitude domain, awareness about corneal donation, knowledge about hours within which ideal eye donation needs to be undertaken, and knowledge about eye donation during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic were found to be significant. Latent class analysis identified one subset of participants having poorer knowledge and attitude scores and that they were more from a rural background, were having more than first order as birth order, were belonging to SC/ST classes, had illiterate or secondary education of father and mother, and were living in rented houses. Conclusion: The findings of the study significantly contribute to devising a mechanism to improve knowledge and influencing the attitude about eye donation among the youth, especially young women, who can act as counselors and motivators for the masses as well as their own families, in the generations to come.
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Objective:To explore the latent classes of emotional behavior of children with mental disorders, and their relationship with parents' sense of parenting competence and psychological distress.Methods:A survey of 327 parents of children with mental disorders was conducted from September to December 2022 using the general information questionnaire, the sense of parenting competence scale, the Kessler psychological distress scale, and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (parent version). Mplus 8.0 and SPSS 25.0 softwares were used for statistical analysis.The latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of children with mental disorders based on their emotional behavior.Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors.Results:Latent class analysis showed that the emotional behaviors of children with mental disorders were divided into 3 categories: emotion-conduct problem prominent group (38.53%(126/327)), simple emotional problem group (44.65%(146/327)), and emotion-peer interaction significant group (16.82%(55/327)). The differences among the 3 latent classes were statistically significant (all P<0.05) in terms of parents' parenting competence, satisfaction, and psychological distress scores.Compared with the emotion-conduct problem prominent group, the higher the parental parenting knowledge and parenting competence, the emotional behavior of children with mental disorders tended to be in the simple emotional problem group ( B=0.699, OR=2.011, 95% CI=1.046-3.868; B=0.088, OR=1.092, 95% CI=1.017-1.173). Compared with the " emotion-conduct problem prominent group" , the emotional behavior of children with mental disorders aged 13 to 18 years old tended to be in the " emotion-peer interaction significant group" ( B=1.982, OR=7.255, 95% CI=1.637-32.141). Conclusion:The emotional behavior of children with mental disorders is heterogeneous, and there are differences in sense of parenting competence and psychological distress of parents among different latent classes of children with mental disorders.
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Objective:To explore the latent classes of parental feeding behaviors in preschool children, and to examine the relationship between potential types of parental feeding behaviors and parental depression status.Methods:From May to July 2021, parents of preschoolers from eight kindergartens in Shanghai were recruited and investigated.A paper-based questionnaire consisting of the Chinese preschooler’s caregivers’ feeding behavior scale (CPCFBS) and the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CESD-10) was employed.Finally, a total of 1 006 valid questionnaires were retrieved.Mplus 8.0 and SPSS 26.0 were used for statistical analysis.The latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of parents based on their feeding practices.Multinomial Logistic regression was used to examine the relevant influencing factors.Results:The feeding behaviors of parental of preschool children could be divided into four potential categories: " high responsiveness and high non-responsiveness type" (24.55%), " low responsiveness and high non-responsiveness type" (27.44%), " high responsiveness and low non-responsiveness type" (28.33%) and " low responsiveness and low non-responsiveness type" (19.68%). The parents with depression status were less likely to be categorized as " high responsiveness and low non-responsiveness type" ( OR=0.386, 95% CI: 0.218-0.684). The parents with older children were more likely to be categorized as " low responsiveness and low non-responsiveness type" ( OR=1.318, 95% CI: 1.039-1.672). Conclusion:The feeding practices of parents of preschool children can be categorized into four latent classes.The parents with depression status are more likely to adopt non-responsive feeding practice than responsive feeding practice.Actively paying attention to and improving the depression status of parents may help the feeder to adopt scientific feeding behavior.
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Objective:To explore the potential categories of resourcefulness in primary caregivers of stroke patients and analyze the differences in the characteristics of different types of caregivers, so as to provide basis for clinical construction of effective intervention plans.Methods:The 308 primary caregivers of stroke patients who met the research standards in the Department of Neurology of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the First People′s Hospital of Yinchuan from December 2020 to August 2021 were selected as the research objects by convenient sampling method.The general information questionnaire, Resourcefulness Scale and Social Support Revalued Scale were used for cross-sectional investigation.Results:The resourcefulness of the primary caregivers of stroke patients were divided into 2 potential categories: low resourcefulness group (62.7%, 193/308) and high resourcefulness group (37.3%, 115/308). Uni-variate analysis showed that there were differences between potential categories: age and education level of stroke patients, whether there was long-term medication history, number of other chronic diseases, had there been any complications due to illness, age, education level and occupation of caregivers, average daily care duration, family relations, and social support ( χ2 values were -3.34 - 23.62, all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that social support and education level of caregivers were the influencing factors of caregiver resourcefulness ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The resourcefulness in the primary caregivers of stroke patients has certain characteristics. Clinically, targeted intervention measures should be formulated according to the different types of caregiver resourcefulness characteristics of caregivers and their influencing factors to improve the caregiver resourcefulness of stroke patients.
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Abstract This study aimed to explore the pathways that can influence cigarette smoking among adolescents. This population-based cohort followed a random sample of 12-year-old adolescents from southern Brazil for 6 years. Regular cigarette smoking was assessed through a self-reported question, previously used in the Brazilian National Survey of Scholar Health. We also gathered data on bullying, dental caries at baseline, incidence of caries, sex, friend network, and Sense of Coherence (SOC). Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were also collected. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the pathways. Of the 1,134 adolescents examined at baseline, 768 were re-evaluated (67.7% retention rate). The prevalence of smoking was 37.6%. This prevalence was directly affected by low SOC (SC: -0.14, p < 0.01), low household income (SC: -0.12, p < 0.01), and male sex (SC: 0.15, p < 0.01). Presence of dental caries at baseline indirectly influenced the occurrence of dental bullying at follow-up via the incidence of dental caries (SC: 0.01, p < 0.05). Dental bullying indirectly influenced cigarettes consumption via SOC (SC: 0.62, p < 0.05). Friend network also indirectly influenced the consumption of cigarettes via SOC (SC: 0.32, p < 0.05). Psychosocial factors influence adolescent cigarette consumption through its higher direct and indirect effects (via bullying). In addition, behavioral, sociodemographic, and clinical factors also influence the occurrence of smoking.
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Abstract: This study aimed to identify patterns of metabolic syndrome among women and estimate their prevalence and relationship with sociodemographic and biological characteristics. In total, 5,836 women were evaluated using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Patterns of metabolic syndrome were defined via latent class analysis, using the following metabolic abnormalities as indicators: abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The relationship between these patterns and individual characteristics was assessed using latent class analysis with covariates. Three patterns of metabolic syndrome were identified: high metabolic expression, moderate metabolic expression, and low metabolic expression. The first two patterns represented most women (53.8%) in the study. Women with complete primary or secondary education and belonging to lower social classes were more likely to have higher metabolic expression. Black and mixed-race women were more likely to have moderate metabolic expression. Menopausal women aged 50 years and older were more often classified into patterns of greater health risk. This study addressed the heterogeneous nature of metabolic syndrome, identifying three distinct profiles for the syndrome among women. The combination of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension represents the main metabolic profile found among ELSA-Brasil participants. Sociodemographic and biological factors were important predictors of patterns of metabolic syndrome.
Resumo: O objetivo foi identificar padrões de síndrome metabólica em mulheres, estimar suas prevalências e relações com características sociodemográficas e biológicas. Este estudo examinou 5.836 mulheres utilizando dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Os padrões de síndrome metabólica foram definidos por meio de análise de classe latente, usando as seguintes anormalidades metabólicas como indicadores: obesidade abdominal, hiperglicemia, hipertensão, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol HDL reduzido. As relações entre os padrões de síndrome metabólica e as características individuais foram avaliadas por meio da análise de classes latentes com covariáveis. Foram identificados três padrões de síndrome metabólica, denominados "alta expressão metabólica", "expressão metabólica moderada" e "baixa expressão metabólica". Os dois primeiros padrões representaram a maioria (53,8%) das mulheres do estudo. As mulheres com nível de escolaridade primário ou secundário e pertencentes à classe social baixa tiveram maior chance de apresentar maior expressão metabólica. Negros e pardos tiveram maior chance de apresentar "expressão metabólica moderada". Mulheres na menopausa com 50 anos ou mais apresentaram maior chance de ter padrões de maior risco à saúde. Este estudo abordou a natureza heterogênea da síndrome metabólica, identificando três perfis distintos para a síndrome entre as mulheres. A combinação de obesidade abdominal, hiperglicemia e hipertensão representa o principal perfil metabólico encontrado entre os participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Fatores sociodemográficos e biológicos foram importantes preditores para os padrões de síndrome metabólica.
Resumen: El objetivo fue identificar patrones del síndrome metabólico en mujeres, estimar sus prevalencias y relaciones con características sociodemográficas y biológicas. Este estudio examinó 5.836 mujeres utilizando datos de la línea de base del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Los patrones de síndrome metabólico se definieron a través del análisis de clase latente, utilizando las siguientes anormalidades metabólicas como indicadores: obesidad abdominal, hiperglucemia, hipertensión, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol HDL reducido. Las relaciones entre los patrones de síndrome metabólico y las características individuales se evaluaron a través del análisis de clases latentes con covariables. Se identificaron tres patrones de síndrome metabólico, denominados "alta expresión metabólica", "expresión metabólica moderada" y "baja expresión metabólica". Los primeros dos patrones representan la mayoría (el 53,8%) de las mujeres del estudio. Las mujeres que tenían un nivel de escolaridad primario o secundario y que pertenecían a la clase social baja tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar una expresión metabólica más alta. Los negros y pardos tuvieron una probabilidad más alta de presentar "expresión metabólica moderada". Las mujeres en la menopausia que tenían 50 años o más presentaron una probabilidad más alta de tener patrones de mayor riesgo para la salud. Este estudio abordó la naturaleza heterogénea del síndrome metabólico, identificando tres perfiles diferentes para el síndrome entre las mujeres. La combinación de obesidad abdominal, hiperglucemia e hipertensión representa el principal perfil metabólico encontrado entre los participantes del ELSA-Brasil. Factores sociodemográficos y biológicos fueron importantes predictores para los patrones de síndrome metabólico.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among sonographers in Guangdong Province, and to explore the disease pattern of the cases. Methods A total of 512 sonographers from 31 hospitals in Guangdong Province were selected as the research subjects using stratified cluster sampling method. The prevalence of WMSDs in the past year was investigated using the Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire, and the characteristics of WMSDs were analyzed. Latent class analysis was used to identify the disease pattern of WMSDs. Results The overall prevalence of WMSDs was 94.3%. The top five affected body parts were right shoulder, neck, right hand/wrist, lower back and right forearm/elbow, with the prevalence of 80.3%, 75.4%, 61.1%, 55.5% and 45.3%, respectively. The prevalence of WMSDs was higher on the right side for the shoulder, hand/wrist, forearm/elbow, hip/leg and knee compared with the left side (80.3% vs 31.3%, 61.1% vs 13.9%, 45.3% vs 10.0%, 17.4% vs 8.6%, 13.1% vs 8.4%, all P<0.05). The prevalence of WMSDs increased with work years, as well the prevalence of WMSDs in the top five affected body parts among the sonographers (all P<0.05). However, there were no statistical differences in prevalence of WMSDs between general hospitals and maternal and child health hospitals, tertiary hospitals and non-tertiary hospitals, Pearl River Delta hospitals and non-Pearl River Delta hospitals; there was also no statistical difference between different genders and age groups of the sonographers (all P>0.05). The best-fit latent disease pattern for sonographers WMSDs comprised three categories： symptom of neck-right shoulder, symptom of neck-lower back-right shoulder-right elbow-right hand/wrist, and symptom of multi-parts above the knees, with the latent probabilities of 0.438, 0.427 and 0.135, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of WMSDs in sonographers is extremely high, with a dose-effect relationship with work years. The most common affected parts are neck, lower back and right shoulder, right hand/wrist, and right forearm/elbow. The prevalence of WMSDs in the right side of limb was higher than that in the left. WMSDs primarily occur in multiple parts simultaneously. The most common symptoms occur in the neck-right shoulder and neck-lower back-right shoulder-right elbow-right hand/wrist.
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Purpose: To evaluate the association of daily screen time and quality of sleep with the prevalence of dry eye among college?going women. Methods: This study was a cross?sectional, comparative questionnaire?based study of 547 college?going women in northern India. A 10?item Mini Sleep Questionnaire was used to check the quality of sleep, and the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) scale was used to examine the prevalence of dry eye among college?going women. Results: Multinomial logistic regression showed a significant association between dry eye with daily screen time spent (P < 0.05) and the quality of sleep (P < 0.05) among college?going girls. Using Latent Class Analysis, two latent classes were selected based on the Bayesian Information Criteria. It was found that the majority population falls in class two and was having Severe Sleep?Wake difficulty. It was seen that the participants in class two belonged to the age bracket of 18–21 years, were from stream Humanities, education of father and mother equal to graduation, father working only, belonging to the nuclear family, having one sibling, hailing from the urban locality, spending more than 6 h daily on?screen, a majority of them using mobile phones, not using eye lubricants, and reported an increase in screen time during COVID?19. Conclusion: Dry eye and sleep quality are essential global health issues, and coupled with increased screen time, may pose a challenge in the present era. Preventive strategies need to be incorporated in school and college curriculums to promote physical, social, and psychological well?being and quality of life
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@#Objective - （ ） To analyze the occurrence pattern of work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs among workers Methods in a shipyard based on latent category model. A total of 446 workers from a shipyard in Guangdong Province were selected as the research subjects using convenience sampling method. The prevalence of WMSDs in the past year was ， investigated using China Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the occurrence patterns of WMSDs were analyzed by latent class. Results （ ） The prevalence of WMSDs in the past year was 71.1% 317/446 . The prevalence of WMSDs in single site was 24.4% （ ）， （ ） - 109/446 and was 46.6% 208/446 in multiple sites. The prevalence of WMSDs in multiple sites was 3.9 17.3 times higher than that in single site. The fitting results of latent class model showed that the model with three latent classes was the best - （ ）， model. The three potential categories of WMSDs occurrence patterns in the study subjects were the all site group 28 patients （ ）， （ ）， ， the neck and lower back/waistgroup 153 patients and the few or no site group 265 patients accounting for 6.3% 34.3% ， Conclusion and 59.4% respectively. WMSDs of shipyard workers have obvious category characteristics. Latent class analysis can be used to explore the occurrence pattern of WMSDs in shipyard workers.
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Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar perfis de vizinhança percebidos por adolescentes e adultos jovens, e estimar sua associação com a realização de atividade física global e de lazer. Utilizaram-se dados de 1.637 indivíduos entre 15 e 24 anos, de um estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados, de uma cidade do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, em 2011. A atividade física foi mensurada pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), versão curta, além de questão sobre atividade no lazer. A percepção de características do ambiente físico e social da vizinhança se baseou em escala com 14 questões. Perfis de vizinhança foram definidos por meio de análise de classes latentes (LCA), e a estimação dos seus efeitos na atividade física usou o modelo com respostas distais. A análise de perfil latente resultou em três padrões de vizinhança, descritos como "urbana, sociável e favorável à atividade física - classe 1" (39,6%); "sociável e segura - classe 2" (24,4%); e "insegura, de baixa sociabilidade - classe 3" (36%). Os indivíduos pertencentes à "classe 1" apresentaram maior probabilidade de se exercitar (56,4%), enquanto, para as classes 2 e 3, estes percentuais corresponderam a 46,3% e 42,8%, respectivamente. Associação estatisticamente significante foi identificada apenas na classe "urbana, sociável e favorável à atividade física", cuja chance de realizar atividade de lazer foi de 72% (OR = 1,72; IC95%: 1,29-2,29). Bairros com atributos favoráveis à prática de atividade física e a existência de elementos de urbanização aumentam a chance do comportamento ativo no lazer entre os adolescentes e adultos jovens. O uso de LCA e do modelo com repostas distais é promissor e inovador na abordagem sobre vizinhança.
This study aimed to identify neighborhood profiles perceived by adolescents and young adults and estimate their association with global and leisure-time physical activity. Data from 1,637 individuals aged 15 to 24 years were taken from a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling, conducted in a city in the State of Bahia, Brazil, in 2011. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version, in addition to a question about leisure activities. The perception of characteristics of the physical and social environment of the neighborhood was based on a scale with 14 questions. Neighborhood profiles were defined through latent class analysis (LCA), and the estimation of their effects on physical activity used a model with distal outcomes. The latent profile analysis resulted in three neighborhood patterns, described as "urban, sociable, and favorable to physical activity - class 1" (39.6%); "sociable and safe - class 2" (24.4%), "insecure, low sociability - class 3" (36%). Individuals belonging to "class 1" showed the highest probability to exercise (56.4%), while for classes 2 and 3 these percentages corresponded to 46.3% and 42.8%, respectively. A statistically significant association was identified only in the "urban, sociable and favorable to physical activity" class, whose chance of performing leisure activities was 72% (OR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.29-2.29). Neighborhoods with attributes that favor the practice of physical activity and the existence of urbanization elements increase the chance of active leisure behavior among adolescents and young adults. The use of LCA and the model with distal outcomes are promising and innovative in neighborhood approaches.
Los objetivos del estudio fueron identificar los perfiles de vecindario percibidos por los adolescentes y los adultos jóvenes y estimar su asociación con la realización de actividad física global y de ocio. Se utilizaron datos de 1.637 individuos entre 15 y 24 años, procedentes de un estudio transversal, con muestreo por conglomerados, de una ciudad del estado de Bahia, Brasil, en 2011. La actividad física se midió mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), versión corta, además de una pregunta sobre actividad en el ocio. La percepción de las características del entorno físico y social del vecindario se basó en una escala con 14 preguntas. Los perfiles de la vecindad se definieron a través del análisis de clase latente (ACL), y la estimación de sus efectos sobre la actividad física utilizó el modelo con respuestas distales. El análisis de perfil latente dio como resultado tres patrones de vecindario, descritos como "urbano, sociable y favorable a la actividad física - clase 1" (39,6 %); "sociable y seguro - clase 2" (24,4 %), "inseguro, de baja sociabilidad - clase 3" (36%). Los individuos pertenecientes a la "clase 1" presentaron la mayor probabilidad de hacer ejercicio (56,4 %), mientras que para las clases 2 y 3 estos porcentajes correspondieron a 46,3 % y 42,8 %, respectivamente. Solamente se identificó una asociación estadísticamente significativa en la clase "urbana, sociable y favorable a la actividad física", cuya probabilidad de realizar actividad de ocio fue de 72 % (OR = 1,72; IC95%: 1,29-2,29). Los barrios con atributos favorables para la actividad física y la existencia de elementos de urbanización aumentan la posibilidad de un comportamiento activo en el ocio entre los adolescentes y los adultos jóvenes. El uso de ACL y el modelo con respuestas distales son enfoques prometedores e innovadores para la vecindad.
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Abstract Determinants of oral diseases include behaviors, which in turn are influenced by a series of social determinants such as psychosocial aspects and dental care services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether depressive symptoms and use of dental care services mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral health behaviors. This was a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from participants in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) (n = 88,531). The eligibility criteria were individuals who were 18 years and older and exclusion criterion was living in households located in special or sparsely populated census tracts. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test direct and indirect pathways from a latent variable for SES to oral health through depressive symptoms (assessed through the "Patient Health Questionnaire-9") and use of dental care services. The maximum likelihood estimator for complex samples with the robust standard error was used. The final model presented an adequate fit: RMESA of 0.008, CFI of 0.998, and SMRM of 0.005. The results showed that higher SES was directly associated with better oral health-related behaviors [standardized coefficient (SC): 0.428; p < 0.01] and indirectly through depressive symptoms [(SC): 0.002; p < 0.01] and dental care services [(SC): 0.089; p < 0.01]. The total effect of SES on oral health-related behaviors was equal to [(SC: 0.519 (p < 0.01)]. In conclusion, the findings suggest that high socioeconomic status, mediated by depressive symptoms and dental care services, has a positive effect on oral health.
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O objetivo geral desta tese foi conhecer as magnitudes e os padrões das violências no namoro na adolescência (VNA) e das violências familiares na infância (VFI), as repercussões da VFI nos diferentes padrões de VNA, bem como as relações entre os padrões de VFI e a saúde mental na adolescência. O objetivo geral suscitou três objetivos específicos, cada um explorado em um manuscrito. Os dados usados na tese derivaram da pesquisa "Estupro de vulnerável e outras violências contra adolescentes e jovens do sexo feminino", desenvolvida em 2017 e 2018 que contou com a participação de 721 estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas da IX Região Administrativa (RA) do Rio de Janeiro. Para identificar a VNA, a VFI e estimar a saúde mental, usou-se respectivamente as versões brasileiras do instrumento Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e do General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). As estratégias de análise de dados variaram em função dos diferentes objetivos/manuscritos. O manuscrito 1 estimou as magnitudes de exposição e perpetração das VNA entre os escolares da IX RA do município do Rio de Janeiro. A prevalência de vitimização variou de 16,7% (sexual) a 94,6% (emocional). A prevalência de perpetração variou entre 9,9% (sexual) e 94,6% (emocional). Os adolescentes que relataram serem vítimas de violência na infância, os que vivem em áreas violentas e os que consomem bebidas alcoólicas com maior frequência tiveram maior prevalência de VNA. Os manuscritos 2 e 3 utilizaram análises de classes latentes (ACL) para identificar os padrões de VNA (manuscrito 2) e o padrão de VFI (manuscrito 3) com base na agregação de indivíduos em classes, caracterizadas em função da probabilidade de endosso aos diferentes itens dos instrumentos CADRI e CTQ. Além da identificação destes padrões, buscou-se utilizar as classes estimadas em modelos causais aferindo os efeitos das dimensões de VFI para os padrões de VNA (manuscrito 2) e das classes de VFI para a saúde mental dos adolescentes (manuscrito 3). No manuscrito 2, identificou-se três classes latentes de VNA entre meninas e meninos. O abuso sexual na infância aumentou a chance de pertencer à classe mais grave de vitimização de VNA entre as meninas (OR = 5,72; IC 95% = 2,51-13,06). Os abusos emocionais (OR=5,97; IC 95% = 1,95-18,30) e físicos (OR=3,16; IC 95%=1,07-9,34) aumentaram as chances de classificar os meninos na classe mais grave de perpetração de VNA. A ACL do manuscrito 3 também identificou três classes de violência familiar na infância, tanto em meninas, como em meninos. Apesar de várias semelhanças entre as classes dos dois sexos, as meninas foram mais vítimas de abuso sexual e os meninos de punição corporal (castigo físico). Pertencer à classe mais grave de VFI aumentou os escores do GHQ-12 em 2 a 3 pontos quando comparados às classes mais brandas de violência. A partir destes resultados e com as discussões trazidas pelos três manuscritos, espera-se que esta tese tenha contribuído tanto com as discussões temáticas das violências, como apresentado alguns avanços metodológicos no campo da análise epidemiológica. Com relação aos primeiros aspectos, mais uma vez, evidenciou-se que a violência entre pais e filhos é um problema de saúde pública, por sua alta frequência e relações diretas e especificas com a violência no namoro de adolescentes; ampliou-se também os debates sobre a relação entre as violências e o gênero, na medida em que tanto as prevalências como os padrões de violência diferem entre meninos e meninas desde a infância; identificou-se padrões de violência que mostram que a vivência de diferentes tipos de abuso é a situação mais frequente entre crianças e adolescentes; percebeu-se que as repercussões das violências contra crianças na saúde mental de adolescentes dependem do padrão de coocorrência das diferentes formas de vitimização infantil. Com relação aos avanços metodológicos, a tese é inovadora por propor, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a utilização de ACL para caracterizar as violências contra crianças e em relacionamentos amorosos de adolescentes. Ademais, a tese avança ao articular a identificação de padrões de violência via análise de classes latentes com seus fatores de risco e consequências, ampliando as possibilidades de inferência dos modelos.
The main objective of this thesis was to know the magnitudes and patterns of dating violence in adolescence (DV) and family violence against children (VAC), the repercussions of on different DV patterns, and the relationship of VAC patterns to health mentality in adolescence. The general objective raised three specific goals. Each one was explored in one manuscript. The data used in the thesis were derived from the research "Rape of the vulnerable and other violence against female adolescents and young people", developed in 2017 and 2018, with 721 students from public and private schools in the IX Administrative Region (AR) of Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian versions of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) instrument, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were used to identify DV, VAC and to estimate mental health trends respectively. Data analysis strategies varied according to different objectives/manuscripts. Manuscript 1 estimated the magnitudes of exposure and perpetration of DV among students from the IX AR in Rio de Janeiro. The estimated victimization prevalence ranged from 16.7% (sexual) to 94.6% (emotional). The prevalence of perpetration ranged from 9.9% (sexual) to 94.6% (emotional). Adolescents who reported child abuse, those living in violent areas, and those who consumed alcohol more frequently had a higher prevalence of DV. Manuscripts 2 and 3 used latent classes analysis (LCA) to identify the DV patterns (manuscript 2) and the VAC pattern (manuscript 3) based on the aggregation of individuals into classes, characterized according to the probability of endorsement to the different items from the CADRI and CTQ instruments. In addition to identifying these patterns, we sought to use the estimated classes in causal models, assessing the effects of the VAC dimensions for the DV patterns (manuscript 2) and the VAC classes for adolescents' mental health (manuscript 3). In manuscript 2, three latent classes of DV were identified among girls and boys. Childhood sexual abuse increased the chance of belonging to the most severe class of DV victimization among girls (OR = 5.72; 95% CI = 2.51-13.06). Emotional (OR=5.97; 95% CI = 1.95-18.30) and physical (OR=3.16; 95% CI=1.07-9.34) abuse increased the chances of classifying boys in the most severe class of DV perpetration. The LCA of manuscript 3 also identified three classes of VAC, both in girls and boys. Despite several similarities between the classes of the two sexes, girls suffered more with sexual abuse and boys with corporal punishment (physical punishment). Belonging to the most severe class of VAC increased the GHQ-12 scores by 2 to 3 points compared to the milder classes of violence. Based on these results and with the discussions brought by the three manuscripts, it is expected that this thesis has contributed both to the thematic discussions of violence and presented some methodological advances in the field of epidemiological analysis. Regarding the first aspect, once again, it is evident that violence between parents and children is a public health problem due to its high frequency and direct and specific relationship with violence in adolescents' dating. Debates on the relationship between violence and gender have expanded, as both the prevalence and patterns of violence differ between boys and girls since childhood; patterns of violence were identified that indicate that experiencing different types of abuse is the most frequent situation among children and adolescents, and it was noticed that the repercussions of violence against children on the mental health of adolescents depend on the pattern of co-occurrence of different forms of child victimization. Regarding methodological advances, the thesis is innovative as it proposes the use of LCA to characterize VAC and DV for the first time in Brazil. Furthermore, the thesis advances by articulating the identification of patterns of violence via the analysis of latent classes with their risk factors and consequences, expanding the possibilities of inference from the models.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Child Abuse , Mental Health , Domestic Violence , Intimate Partner ViolenceABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction In Mexico, alcohol consumption is the main problem related to substance use among university students. Objective To analyze emerging alcohol consumption patterns in students at a public university through the administration of an online survey. Method This is a cross-sectional, survey-based study. Participants included 3,888 students from a large university in Mexico City, to whom the alcohol and sociodemographic data section of the Cuestionario de Estudiantes 2014 was electronically administered in August-September 2018 and 2019. Latent Class Analysis was applied to the data obtained. During the research, the principles, norms, and ethical precepts of research on human beings were observed. Results The relevant variables observed were length of exposure to alcohol, excess alcohol consumption, consumption on a typical day and alcohol-related consequences, which were used to create a model with four groups: teetotalers and early drinkers without consequences, risky drinkers with consequences, experienced risky drinkers without consequences and habitual drinkers with consequences. 36.7% of the sample were classified into groups with consequences and a high likelihood of excess consumption. Discussion and conclusion Lengthy exposure to alcohol influences measures of frequency and intensity of consumption in relation to the number of consequences suffered. This latent class model can guide the design and priority of universal, selective, or suggested preventive interventions.
Resumen Introducción En México, el consumo de alcohol es el principal problema relacionado con el uso de sustancias entre estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo Analizar los patrones emergentes de consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de una universidad pública por medio de la aplicación de una encuesta en línea. Método Es un estudio transversal por encuesta en que participaron 3,888 estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior de una universidad pública de gran tamaño en la Ciudad de México, a quienes se les aplicó, vía electrónica, la sección de alcohol y datos sociodemográficos del Cuestionario Estudiantil 2014, en los meses de agosto-septiembre de 2018 y 2019. Se aplicó un Análisis de Clases Latentes a los datos obtenidos. Durante la investigación se observaron los principios, normas y preceptos éticos de la investigación con seres humanos. Resultados Las variables observadas relevantes fueron: tiempo de exposición a la sustancia, consumo excesivo de alcohol, consumo en un día típico y consecuencias asociadas al consumo, con las cuales se integró un modelo de cuatro clases: abstemios y bebedores iniciales sin consecuencias, bebedores riesgosos con consecuencias, bebedores riesgosos experimentados sin consecuencias y bebedores habituales con consecuencias. El 36,7% de la muestra se agrupó en las clases con consecuencias y una alta probabilidad de consumo excesivo. Discusión y conclusión El tiempo de exposición a la sustancia articula las medidas de frecuencia e intensidad del consumo en relación con el número de consecuencias sufridas. Este modelo de clases latentes puede guiar el diseño y prioridad de intervenciones preventivas universales, selectivas o indicadas.
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Objective:To classify the symptom characteristics of young and middle-aged peritoneal dialysis patients and to explore the differences of demographic functional status and social function of patients with different symptom categories.Methods:A total of 179 peritoneal dialysis patients from 3 peritoneal dialysis centers in Shanghai were investigated from December 2019 to August 2020 by General Information Questionnaire, Peritoneal Dialysis Symptom Distress Scale. Latent class analysis was used to classify young and middle-aged peritoneal dialysis patients according to symptom characteristics. Multiple Logistic regression was used to explore the differences of demographic and disease characteristics of different categories of patients.Results:Peritoneal dialysis patients could be divided into three potential categories according to symptom characteristics ( P<0.05). According to the conditional probability of each category, they were named "low symptom group" (111 cases,62.0%), "high psychological-moderate physical symptom group" (22 cases, 12.3%), "high symptom group" (46 cases,25.7%). There were differences in working status ( OR=0.029, P<0.01), education level ( OR=152.799, P<0.01), duration ( OR=81.307, P<0.05), diabetic nephropathy ( OR=80.619, P<0.01) and CCI score ( OR=91.188, P<0.01) distribution among different potential categories of young and middle-aged peritoneal dialysis patients. Conclusions:There are three types of potential symptoms in young and middle-aged patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In clinical practice, medical staff should focus on the psychological status of young and middle-aged patients with low educational background and early stage of dialysis, and encourage them to return to work; at the same time, they should regularly evaluate the symptom burden of patients with diabetic nephropathy and high complication index peritoneal dialysis patients, in order to provide targeted intervention measures to prevent the progression of the disease.
ABSTRACT
A ausência de testagens em massa para o diagnóstico da COVID-19 gera a necessidade de conhecer a dimensão da doença por meio da sua sintomatologia clínica. O objetivo foi investigar o perfil de sintomas relacionados à COVID-19 e aspectos relacionados. Foi analisada a amostra de participantes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD-COVID19) realizada em maio de 2020. Foi realizada análise de classes latentes (ACL) com covariáveis sociodemográficas sobre 11 sintomas relatados por 346.181 indivíduos. Foram utilizados testes de Rao-Scott e análise de resíduos padronizados para mensurar a associação com o padrão de utilização dos serviços de saúde. Análise espacial de varredura foi realizada para identificar as áreas de risco para os casos de COVID-19. A ACL mostrou seis classes de sintomatologia, segundo o padrão de respostas dos indivíduos analisados: (1) todos os sintomas; (2) prevalência alta dos sintomas; (3) predominância de febre; (4) predominância de tosse/dor de garganta; (5) leves sintomas com predominância de dor de cabeça e (6) ausência de sintomas. Pessoas do sexo feminino, cor parda, provenientes das regiões Norte e Nordeste e em todas as três faixas etárias mais velhas apresentaram maior associação com a classe com todos os sintomas (classe 1). A maioria da procura por serviços também foi realizada por esse grupo de indivíduos, porém com distintos perfis de uso. A análise espacial mostrou sobreposição dessa classe com áreas de maior risco de casos de COVID-19. Os achados sustentam a importância da investigação dos sintomas, servindo para a identificação epidemiológica de possíveis casos em um cenário com baixa taxa de testagem populacional.
La ausencia de pruebas masivas para el diagnóstico de la COVID-19 genera la necesidad de conocer la dimensión de la enfermedad mediante su sintomatología clínica. El objetivo fue investigar el perfil de síntomas relacionados con la COVID-19 y sus aspectos relacionados. Se analizó la muestra de participantes de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios (PNAD-COVID19), realizada en mayo de 2020. Se efectuó el análisis de clases latentes (ACL) con covariables sociodemográficas sobre 11 síntomas mencionados por 346.181 individuos. Se utilizaron pruebas de Rao-Scott y análisis de residuos estandarizados para medir la asociación con el patrón de utilización de los servicios de salud. Se efectuó un análisis espacial de barrido para identificar las áreas de riesgo con casos de COVID-19. La ACL mostró seis clases de sintomatología, según el patrón de respuestas de los individuos analizados: (1) todos los síntomas; (2) prevalencia alta de los síntomas; (3) predominancia de fiebre; (4) predominancia de tos/dolor de garganta; (5) leves síntomas con predominancia de dolor de cabeza y; (6) ausencia de síntomas. Personas del sexo femenino, mestizos/mulatos, provenientes de las regiones Norte y Nordeste y en las tres franjas etarias más viejas presentaron una mayor asociación con la clase de todos los síntomas (clase 1). La mayoría de búsquedas de servicios también se realizó por parte de este grupo de individuos, aunque con distintos perfiles de uso. El análisis espacial mostró sobreposición de esta clase con áreas de mayor riesgo de casos de COVID-19. Estos hallazgos sostienen la importancia de la investigación de los síntomas, sirviendo para la identificación epidemiológica de posibles casos en un escenario con baja tasa de pruebas entre la población.
The lack of mass testing for COVID-19 diagnosis creates the need to determine the magnitude of the disease based on its clinical symptoms. The study aimed to analyze the profile of COVID-19 symptoms and related aspects in Brazil. The author analyzed the sample of participants from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-COVID19) conducted in May 2020. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed with sociodemographic covariables and 11 symptoms reported by 346,181 individuals. Rao-Scott test and standardized residual analysis were used to measure the association with the pattern of health services use. Spatial scan analysis was performed to identify areas at risk of COVID-19 cases. LCA showed six classes of symptoms based on the pattern of answers by participants: (1) all the symptoms; (2) high prevalence of symptoms; (3) predominance of fever; (4) predominance of cough/sore throat; (5) mild symptoms with predominance of headache; and (6) absence of symptoms. Female sex, brown skin color, the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, and all three older age brackets showed stronger association with the class with all the symptoms (class 1). Most use of health services was also by this group of individuals, but with different profiles of use. Spatial analysis showed juxtaposition of this class with areas at greater risk of COVID-19. These finding underline the importance of investigating symptoms for the epidemiological identification of possible cases in a scenario with low population testing rates.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , COVID-19 , Brazil/epidemiology , Latent Class Analysis , COVID-19 Testing , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE to identify factors associated with common mental disorders (CMD) in a sample of adult women in Southern Brazil. METHODS This population-based study, composed of 1,128 women, investigated socioeconomic, behavioral and health/disease explanatory demographic variables. Five response groups were explored: one group with common mental disorders - cut-off point 6/7 in the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) - and four others corresponding to the different clusters found using the latent class clustering technique, also from the SRQ-20. These four clusters (low, medium-depressive, medium-digestive and high) were named (denominated) based on the mean scores in the SRQ-20 in each group and on the response patterns of the variables and factorial characteristics. The "low" cluster comprised women with lower SRQ-20 scores and, therefore less likely to present CMD. The "high" cluster, with high mean values in the SRQ-20, was related to higher psychiatric morbidity. We used the Poisson regression technique to compare the findings of the different groups. RESULTS We identified ten variables as factors associated with CMD. Age, education, smoking, physical activity, perception of health and number of medical appointments were the common variables for the cut-off point and cluster-based analyses. Heavy alcohol use was associated only when the sample was evaluated as a cut-off point. Social class, work situation and existence of chronic diseases were associated only when the sample was analyzed by clusters. There was a significant association in the "high" cluster with lower classes (D or E), smoking, physical inactivity, existence of chronic diseases and negative perception of health. CONCLUSION We identified different associated factors according to the response groups considered. New approaches allowing identification of subgroups of individuals with specific characteristics and associated factors may contribute for a more accurate understanding of CMD and provide the basis for health interventions.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados aos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em uma amostra de mulheres adultas no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS Em estudo de base populacional composto por 1.128 mulheres, foram investigadas variáveis explicativas demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de saúde/doença. Cinco grupos-resposta foram explorados: um grupo com transtornos mentais comuns - ponto de corte 6/7 no Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) - e outros quatro correspondentes aos diferentes clusters encontrados através da técnica de clusterização por classe latente, também a partir do SRQ-20. Esses quatro clusters (baixo, médio-depressivo, médio-digestivo e alto) foram denominados com base nas pontuações médias do SRQ-20 em cada grupo e nos padrões de resposta das variáveis e características fatoriais. O cluster "baixo" compreendeu mulheres com menores escores no SRQ-20 e, portanto, com menor probabilidade de apresentarem TMC. Já o cluster "alto", com valores médios elevados no SRQ-20, esteve relacionado a maior morbidade psiquiátrica. Utilizou-se a técnica de regressão de Poisson, com comparação entre os achados dos diferentes grupos. RESULTADOS Foram identificadas 10 variáveis como fatores associados aos TMC. Idade, escolaridade, tabagismo, atividade física, percepção de saúde e número de consultas foram as variáveis comuns para as análises com ponto de corte assim como nas baseadas em clusters. Etilismo pesado esteve associado somente quando avaliada a amostra como ponto de corte. Já classe econômica, situação laboral e presença de doenças crônicas estiveram associadas somente quando analisada a amostra por clusters. No cluster "alto", houve associação significativa com classes econômicas mais baixas (D ou E), tabagismo, inatividade física, presença de doenças crônicas e percepção de saúde negativa. CONCLUSÕES Diferentes fatores associados foram identificados segundo os grupos-resposta considerados. Novos enfoques que possibilitem identificar subgrupos de indivíduos com características e fatores associados específicos poderiam contribuir para um entendimento mais apurado dos TMC, servindo de base para intervenções em saúde.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between social position and anthropometric status in women and men Brazilian adult. This was a cross-sectional study that used baseline data collected from 2008 to 2010 for the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil, in Portuguese), in the six major Brazilian state capital cities. A total of 15,105 active and retired civil servants aged from 35 to 74 years. Two latent variables were defined by latent class analysis, social position and anthropometric status. Both constructs and the analyses were separately evaluated by sex. Associations were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, self-reported skin color/race, and marital status. Around 44% of the women and 26% of the men were classified as overweight or obese. Social position tended to be lower in women (43.2%) and higher among men (40.4%). Heavier women were more likely to be black and brown-skinned, whereas slimmer women were more likely to be white. After adjustment, women's weight increased as social position decreased (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.36-1.70), whereas in men weight decreased as social position decreased (OR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-0.99). Social position affected the anthropometric status of women and men differently, with body patterns also being affected by ethnicity/skin color, showing the potentiality of taking the intersectional perspective when investigating the possible social determinants of the phenomenon.
Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre posição social e o estado antropométrico em brasileiros adultos de ambos os sexos. O estudo transversal usou dados coletados entre 2008 e 2010 pelo Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), nas seis maiores capitais brasileiras. Um total de 15.105 funcionários públicos, ativos e aposentados, de ambos os sexos, entre 35 e 74 anos de idade. Duas variáveis latentes foram definidas pela análise de classes latentes: posição social e estado antropométrico. Os construtos e análises foram avaliados separadamente por sexo. As associações foram avaliadas com o uso de análise de regressão logística multivariada, ajustada para idade, cor/raça e estado civil. Em torno de 44% das mulheres e 26% dos homens foram classificados com sobrepeso ou obesidade. A posição social tendia a ser mais baixa nas mulheres (43,2%) e mais alta nos homens (40,4%). Houve uma proporção maior de mulheres com sobrepeso ou obesidade entre as pretas e pardas, e proporção maior de mulheres magras entre as brancas. Nas mulheres, após ajustes, o peso aumentava na medida em que a posição social diminuía (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,36-1,70), enquanto nos homens o peso diminuía junto com a diminuição da posição social (OR = 0,87; IC95%: 0,76-0,99). A posição social afetou de maneira diferente o estado antropométrico de mulheres e homens, com perfis corporais afetados também pela raça/cor da pele, indicando o potencial de levar em conta a perspectiva interseccional ao investigar os possíveis determinantes sociais do fenômeno.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre posición social y estatus antropométrico de adultos brasileños de ambos sexos. Fue un estudio transversal, realizado usando datos de referencia recogidos entre 2008 y 2010, del Estudio Longitudinal Brasileño de Salud en Adultos (ELSA-Brasil), llevado a cabo en seis de las mayores capitales de estado brasileñas. Un total de 15.105 activos y jubilados, mujeres y hombres funcionarios públicos de 35 a 74 años de edad. Se definieron dos variables latentes mediante análisis de clases latentes: posición social y estatus antropométrico. Ambos constructos y análisis fueron evaluados separadamente por sexo. Las asociaciones fueron evaluadas usando una regresión logística multivariada con ajuste por edad, color de piel/raza autoinformado y estatus marital. Alrededor de un 44% de las mujeres y un 26% de los hombres fueron clasificados como con sobrepeso u obesos. La posición social tendió a ser más baja en mujeres (43,2%) y más alta entre hombres (40,4%). Las mujeres con más peso tenían más probabilidad de ser negras y mulatas/mestizas y las mujeres más delgadas tenían más probabilidad de ser blancas. En mujeres, tras el ajuste, se incrementó más el peso cuanto mayor decrecía la posición social (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,36-1,70), mientras en hombres el peso decrecía al igual que la posición social (OR = 0,87; IC95%: 0,76-0,99). La posición social afectó diferentemente al estatus antropométrico de mujeres y hombres, con los patrones corporales también estando afectados por etnicidad/color de piel, mostrando su potencialidad tomando en consideración la perspectiva transversal, cuando se está investigando los posibles determinantes sociales del fenómeno.